| File name: | PO#051497.pdf.exe |
| Full analysis: | https://app.any.run/tasks/1cc01aeb-cf4a-48a5-b058-08a5824bd14e |
| Verdict: | Malicious activity |
| Threats: | FormBook is a data stealer that is being distributed as a MaaS. FormBook differs from a lot of competing malware by its extreme ease of use that allows even the unexperienced threat actors to use FormBook virus. |
| Analysis date: | January 17, 2020, 14:26:25 |
| OS: | Windows 7 Professional Service Pack 1 (build: 7601, 32 bit) |
| Tags: | |
| Indicators: | |
| MIME: | application/x-dosexec |
| File info: | PE32 executable (GUI) Intel 80386, for MS Windows, Nullsoft Installer self-extracting archive |
| MD5: | 852E8D71E329E74D669EECE001FCF3B7 |
| SHA1: | D1B13735FCF5C1328B1B5A52F57047836EA3E81C |
| SHA256: | 45B35DE21E69AD137AD6BCF56FD93359B145FBAC7F20FA7484C3EB14133FDB61 |
| SSDEEP: | 12288:56+13sf8irOhRxuX+yvWWegrXvfJ5e7HkjYy86iKSakCKEqx:Ty1JvfrIkjA6VMzx |
MALICIOUS
Runs app for hidden code execution
- Thermidorian.exe (PID: 792)
- explorer.exe (PID: 352)
Loads dropped or rewritten executable
- Thermidorian.exe (PID: 792)
Application was dropped or rewritten from another process
- Thermidorian.exe (PID: 792)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2928)
- igfx8pk.exe (PID: 3972)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2204)
- cmd.exe (PID: 928)
- ehg47bmx.exe (PID: 3388)
Changes the autorun value in the registry
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
FORMBOOK was detected
- explorer.exe (PID: 352)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
- Firefox.exe (PID: 3880)
Connects to CnC server
- explorer.exe (PID: 352)
Actions looks like stealing of personal data
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Stealing of credential data
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
SUSPICIOUS
Starts CMD.EXE for commands execution
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
- explorer.exe (PID: 352)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2204)
- Thermidorian.exe (PID: 792)
Executable content was dropped or overwritten
- PO#051497.pdf.exe (PID: 2496)
- cmd.exe (PID: 928)
- DllHost.exe (PID: 3036)
- explorer.exe (PID: 352)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Creates files in the user directory
- cmd.exe (PID: 928)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Application launched itself
- cmd.exe (PID: 2204)
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Executed via COM
- DllHost.exe (PID: 3036)
Creates files in the program directory
- DllHost.exe (PID: 3036)
Loads DLL from Mozilla Firefox
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
INFO
Manual execution by user
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Reads the hosts file
- cmd.exe (PID: 2856)
Creates files in the user directory
- Firefox.exe (PID: 3880)
Find more information about signature artifacts and mapping to MITRE ATT&CK™ MATRIX at the full report
TRiD
| .exe | | | Win32 Executable MS Visual C++ (generic) (42.2) |
|---|---|---|
| .exe | | | Win64 Executable (generic) (37.3) |
| .dll | | | Win32 Dynamic Link Library (generic) (8.8) |
| .exe | | | Win32 Executable (generic) (6) |
| .exe | | | Generic Win/DOS Executable (2.7) |
EXIF
EXE
| MachineType: | Intel 386 or later, and compatibles |
|---|---|
| TimeStamp: | 2019:12:16 01:50:47+01:00 |
| PEType: | PE32 |
| LinkerVersion: | 6 |
| CodeSize: | 25600 |
| InitializedDataSize: | 141824 |
| UninitializedDataSize: | 2048 |
| EntryPoint: | 0x33c4 |
| OSVersion: | 4 |
| ImageVersion: | 6 |
| SubsystemVersion: | 4 |
| Subsystem: | Windows GUI |
Summary
| Architecture: | IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386 |
|---|---|
| Subsystem: | IMAGE_SUBSYSTEM_WINDOWS_GUI |
| Compilation Date: | 16-Dec-2019 00:50:47 |
| Detected languages: |
|
DOS Header
| Magic number: | MZ |
|---|---|
| Bytes on last page of file: | 0x0090 |
| Pages in file: | 0x0003 |
| Relocations: | 0x0000 |
| Size of header: | 0x0004 |
| Min extra paragraphs: | 0x0000 |
| Max extra paragraphs: | 0xFFFF |
| Initial SS value: | 0x0000 |
| Initial SP value: | 0x00B8 |
| Checksum: | 0x0000 |
| Initial IP value: | 0x0000 |
| Initial CS value: | 0x0000 |
| Overlay number: | 0x0000 |
| OEM identifier: | 0x0000 |
| OEM information: | 0x0000 |
| Address of NE header: | 0x000000C8 |
PE Headers
| Signature: | PE |
|---|---|
| Machine: | IMAGE_FILE_MACHINE_I386 |
| Number of sections: | 5 |
| Time date stamp: | 16-Dec-2019 00:50:47 |
| Pointer to Symbol Table: | 0x00000000 |
| Number of symbols: | 0 |
| Size of Optional Header: | 0x00E0 |
| Characteristics: |
|
Sections
Name | Virtual Address | Virtual Size | Raw Size | Charateristics | Entropy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.text | 0x00001000 | 0x0000631A | 0x00006400 | IMAGE_SCN_CNT_CODE, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_EXECUTE, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ | 6.44843 |
.rdata | 0x00008000 | 0x00001384 | 0x00001400 | IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ | 5.13881 |
.data | 0x0000A000 | 0x00020318 | 0x00000600 | IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE | 3.90283 |
.ndata | 0x0002B000 | 0x0001C000 | 0x00000000 | IMAGE_SCN_CNT_UNINITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_WRITE | 0 |
.rsrc | 0x00047000 | 0x0005B280 | 0x0005B400 | IMAGE_SCN_CNT_INITIALIZED_DATA, IMAGE_SCN_MEM_READ | 3.22237 |
Resources
Title | Entropy | Size | Codepage | Language | Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.29665 | 1059 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_MANIFEST |
2 | 3.26157 | 67624 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
3 | 3.5647 | 16936 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
4 | 3.76345 | 9640 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
5 | 4.01618 | 4264 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
6 | 4.1728 | 1128 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
7 | 0 | 296 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_ICON |
103 | 2.51066 | 104 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_GROUP_ICON |
105 | 2.73893 | 514 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_DIALOG |
107 | 2.52183 | 160 | UNKNOWN | English - United States | RT_DIALOG |
Imports
ADVAPI32.dll |
COMCTL32.dll |
GDI32.dll |
KERNEL32.dll |
SHELL32.dll |
USER32.dll |
ole32.dll |
Total processes
48
Monitored processes
11
Malicious processes
4
Suspicious processes
2
Behavior graph
Click at the process to see the details
Process information
PID | CMD | Path | Indicators | Parent process | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 352 | C:\Windows\Explorer.EXE | C:\Windows\explorer.exe | — | ||||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Windows Explorer Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7600.16385 (win7_rtm.090713-1255) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 792 | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\Thermidorian.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\Thermidorian.exe | — | PO#051497.pdf.exe | |||||||||||
User: admin Company: Sonic Solutions Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: DVDBValidateDlg.dll Exit code: 0 Version: 12.2.1.92 Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 928 | C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /c "COPY /Y /B "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\PO#051497.pdf.exe" "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Crypto\cmdkey.exe"" | C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe | cmd.exe | ||||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Windows Command Processor Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7601.17514 (win7sp1_rtm.101119-1850) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 2204 | "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe" | C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe | — | Thermidorian.exe | |||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Windows Command Processor Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7601.17514 (win7sp1_rtm.101119-1850) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 2496 | "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\PO#051497.pdf.exe" | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\PO#051497.pdf.exe | explorer.exe | ||||||||||||
User: admin Integrity Level: MEDIUM Exit code: 2 Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 2856 | "C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe" | C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe | explorer.exe | ||||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Windows Command Processor Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7601.17514 (win7sp1_rtm.101119-1850) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 2928 | /c del "C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe" | C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe | — | cmd.exe | |||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Windows Command Processor Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7601.17514 (win7sp1_rtm.101119-1850) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 3036 | C:\Windows\system32\DllHost.exe /Processid:{3AD05575-8857-4850-9277-11B85BDB8E09} | C:\Windows\system32\DllHost.exe | svchost.exe | ||||||||||||
User: admin Company: Microsoft Corporation Integrity Level: HIGH Description: COM Surrogate Exit code: 0 Version: 6.1.7600.16385 (win7_rtm.090713-1255) Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 3388 | "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\ehg47bmx.exe" | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\ehg47bmx.exe | — | cmd.exe | |||||||||||
User: admin Integrity Level: MEDIUM Exit code: 0 Modules
| |||||||||||||||
| 3880 | "C:\Program Files\Mozilla Firefox\Firefox.exe" | C:\Program Files\Mozilla Firefox\Firefox.exe | cmd.exe | ||||||||||||
User: admin Company: Mozilla Corporation Integrity Level: MEDIUM Description: Firefox Exit code: 0 Version: 68.0.1 Modules
| |||||||||||||||
Total events
2 606
Read events
2 595
Write events
11
Delete events
0
Modification events
| (PID) Process: | (2856) cmd.exe | Key: | HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run |
| Operation: | write | Name: | ZLVHL8LHJJ |
Value: C:\Program Files\Cnvch\igfx8pk.exe | |||
| (PID) Process: | (352) explorer.exe | Key: | HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\Local Settings\MuiCache\12B\52C64B7E |
| Operation: | write | Name: | LanguageList |
Value: en-US | |||
| (PID) Process: | (2856) cmd.exe | Key: | HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\ZoneMap |
| Operation: | write | Name: | UNCAsIntranet |
Value: 0 | |||
| (PID) Process: | (2856) cmd.exe | Key: | HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings\ZoneMap |
| Operation: | write | Name: | AutoDetect |
Value: 1 | |||
| (PID) Process: | (352) explorer.exe | Key: | HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\UserAssist\{CEBFF5CD-ACE2-4F4F-9178-9926F41749EA}\Count |
| Operation: | write | Name: | {7P5N40RS-N0SO-4OSP-874N-P0S2R0O9SN8R}\Paipu\vtsk8cx.rkr |
Value: 000000000000000000000000C0D40100000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BF000080BFFFFFFFFF000000000000000000000000 | |||
| (PID) Process: | (352) explorer.exe | Key: | HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\UserAssist\{CEBFF5CD-ACE2-4F4F-9178-9926F41749EA}\Count |
| Operation: | write | Name: | HRZR_PGYFRFFVBA |
Value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| |||
Executable files
10
Suspicious files
80
Text files
52
Unknown types
2
Dropped files
PID | Process | Filename | Type | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\oldie\cr\ADM\doculabsws07.gif | image | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\bb-hist\psql\9.opends60.dll | binary | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\network\null\R\scriptlet\pear\model63.xml | xml | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\bb-hist\psql\genpkey.1ssl.gz | compressed | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\bb-hist\psql\1501.GIF | image | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\hitcount\da\phpmyadmin\x-karbon.xml | xml | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\hitcount\da\phpmyadmin\python3-urllib3.prerm | text | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\bb-hist\psql\indicator40alt.png | image | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\hitcount\da\phpmyadmin\wns-introclustermcsc01.gif | image | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
| 2496 | PO#051497.pdf.exe | C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\lt\cfm\dbi\show_thread\7\type-ghostscript.xml | xml | |
MD5:— | SHA256:— | |||
Download PCAP, analyze network streams, HTTP content and a lot more at the full report
HTTP(S) requests
13
TCP/UDP connections
14
DNS requests
12
Threats
29
HTTP requests
PID | Process | Method | HTTP Code | IP | URL | CN | Type | Size | Reputation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
352 | explorer.exe | GET | — | 154.86.131.150:80 | http://www.cheapmonclerjacketsoutlets.com/sa/?LX10r0H=GEYap0e+DccOkxrWkQyYWzauM5SzDQgnZAOcYVYblqLnHR/1oKsCb3YKyf4fU9nmHWIBgA==&FrXl=ndvHwjQ8X | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | 404 | 63.250.33.103:80 | http://www.skylod.com/sa/ | US | html | 290 b | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | GET | — | 63.250.33.103:80 | http://www.skylod.com/sa/?LX10r0H=SM5LhZrjIDszq8dWOR01LJjTq42xusFjlyDX+xwSOXHFKXRdwY68gAObCx9XlQsiARbQ5A==&FrXl=ndvHwjQ8X | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | GET | — | 198.185.159.144:80 | http://www.kaseyandersonmusic.com/sa/?LX10r0H=xwlUphGcljDq4VdtMAIAXu1Aucpda0PK6WggYWQEY7PXIJ0kGq340WR1Xy/xH723DlRDpA==&FrXl=ndvHwjQ8X&sql=1 | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | — | 198.185.159.144:80 | http://www.kaseyandersonmusic.com/sa/ | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | GET | 301 | 68.65.122.35:80 | http://www.platinumpowerplanet.com/sa/?LX10r0H=FMNZ+0IdmlbWClhIRL1zH4ioMZAu2cNWWZdSVvCo/W0rMf8qfMIhQ09QKucyhlyjNaLzUA==&FrXl=ndvHwjQ8X | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | — | 68.65.122.35:80 | http://www.platinumpowerplanet.com/sa/ | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | — | 198.185.159.144:80 | http://www.kaseyandersonmusic.com/sa/ | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | — | 198.185.159.144:80 | http://www.kaseyandersonmusic.com/sa/ | US | — | — | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | POST | — | 63.250.33.103:80 | http://www.skylod.com/sa/ | US | — | — | malicious |
Download PCAP, analyze network streams, HTTP content and a lot more at the full report
Connections
PID | Process | IP | Domain | ASN | CN | Reputation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
352 | explorer.exe | 154.86.131.150:80 | www.cheapmonclerjacketsoutlets.com | MULTACOM CORPORATION | US | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | 63.250.33.103:80 | www.skylod.com | Frontline Data Services, Inc | US | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | 68.65.122.35:80 | www.platinumpowerplanet.com | Namecheap, Inc. | US | malicious |
352 | explorer.exe | 198.185.159.144:80 | www.kaseyandersonmusic.com | Squarespace, Inc. | US | malicious |
DNS requests
Domain | IP | Reputation |
|---|---|---|
www.cheapmonclerjacketsoutlets.com |
| malicious |
www.artisanstradingcompany.com |
| unknown |
www.phochain.com |
| unknown |
www.rionagray.com |
| unknown |
www.kaseyandersonmusic.com |
| malicious |
www.skylod.com |
| malicious |
www.kunquanchao.net |
| unknown |
www.imaginease.com |
| shared |
www.hsctsu.com |
| unknown |
www.origamiformal.win |
| unknown |
Threats
PID | Process | Class | Message |
|---|---|---|---|
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
352 | explorer.exe | A Network Trojan was detected | SPYWARE [PTsecurity] FormBook |
10 ETPRO signatures available at the full report